1、 复合句的类型
英语的复合句一般分为三大种类：名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
名词性从句
在整个复合句中取名字词用途，充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语等的各种从句，统称为名词性从句。名词性从句主要有以下几种：
1. that 引导的从句 e.g. It is reported that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car. （据报道，三分之一的广州民计划购买私家车。）
2. whether/if 引导的从句 e.g. Whether motorcycles should be banned in Guangzhou has become an issue of controversy1.（广州是不是禁摩托车成了存在争议的话题。）
3. how/why/when/where引导的从句 e.g. This essay aims to explore why so many white collar workers suffer from insomnia2. （本文将探讨为何这么多白领失眠是什么原因。）
4. who/whom/whose/what/which引导的从句 e.g. Who should be responsible for the environmental degradation3 is still unknown.（哪个对环境恶化负责还不了解。）
形容词性从句
具备形容词功能，在复合句中做定语的从句被称之为形容词性从句或定语从句。被修饰的名词、词组或代词被叫做先行词。形容词性从句分为两类型型：
（1）由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句。 比如: People who are strongly against human cloning claim that it is immoral4 and unethical.
（2）由关系副词when, where, why引导的从句。比如: I would like to analyze5 the reasons why a growing number of teenagers are addicted6 to gambling7.（我将剖析为何愈加多的青少年沉迷于赌博是什么原因。）
副词性从句
副词性从句也称为状语从句，主要用来修饰主句或者主句的谓语。大致分为九大类，分别表示时间、地址、缘由、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方法。
（1）时间状语从句 e.g. When everyone is fully8 aware of the severity of fresh water scarcity9 and takes effective measures, I am convinced that we will tackle this problem constructively10.（当每一个人充分意识到淡水短缺的紧急性，并采取有效手段，我相信大家肯定能妥善解决好这个问题。）
地址状语从句 e.g. Where there is smoke, there is fire.（无风不起浪）
缘由状语从句 e.g. Pets should be forbidden because they may spread diseases and damage the cityscape.（应该禁止饲养宠物，由于它们或许会传播疾病和有损市容。）
目的状语从句 e.g. Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. （应当鼓励老人到敬老院居住，如此他们可以享遭到专业的照料和先进的设施。）
结果状语从句 e.g. Some government officials fail to recognize the potential hazards of improper11 waste disposal, so that the environment in some cities is deteriorating12.（一些政府官员未能认识到垃圾处置不当带来的潜在风险，因此一些城市的环境不断恶化。）
条件状语从句 e.g. If we continue to overlook the increasing waste in Guangzhou, it is likely that Guangzhou will become a huge landfill site sooner or later.（假如大家继续无视广州日益增多的垃圾，大概不久的以后广州将成为巨大的垃圾填埋场。）
让步状语从句 e.g. While I admit that smoking has some side-effects, I still feel that it is ridiculous to ban smoking in public places.（虽然我承认抽烟有不良反应，我依旧感觉公共场合控烟是荒唐的。）
比较状语从句 e.g. Red is two times as much as Blue.（红色是蓝色的两倍。）
方法状语从句 e.g. Just as we protect less able human beings, so we should safeguard the welfare of other weaker species.（正如大家保护弱者一样，大家也应该保护弱势物种的福利。）
2、怎么样高效运用复合句写好引言段
Well begun is half done是大伙耳熟能详的英语谚语。也就是说，一个好看的开头，总是是文章写作成功的一半。特别在雅思和新托福写作考试中，好的开头总是可以在瞬间吸引考官眼球，留下好的第一印象。那样，大家如何才能写好看的引言段呢？第一，大家要做到单刀直入，明确写作话题和目的。怎么样才能做到单刀直入？大家可以使用以下几种方法：
1. 使用统计数字引出话题，把问题呈目前读者面前；
2. 提出存在争议性的问题，激起读者兴趣，使其积极参与讨论；
3. 以新颖的看法，吸引读者注意力；
4. 呈现该话题正反方的看法；
5. 引用名人名言、谚语等作为文章的开头；
6. 对将要讨论的话题进行概念。
第二，要擅长运用复合句，从而使引言段简洁明了，开宗明义。下面大家将探讨雅思与新托福各种题材和体裁文章引言段的写作办法。
（一） 引用数据呈现讨论的话题，说明问题的紧急性或者重要程度，引起读者的关注。下面大家结合几道雅思和新托福作文话题进行实战演练。
大家在写关于体罚的话题文章时，可以如此开头：It is reported that a boy in Zhuhai was beaten to death by his father on Father Day. Ample evidence also shows that children who are frequently abused by their parents or teachers tend to be introverted, pessimistic, indifferent and even world-weary. Recently, there has arisen a fierce argument on whether corporal punishment should be abolished. Teachers, parents and experts take perse attitudes towards this issue.（据报道，在父亲节节日那天，珠海有个小孩子被父亲揍去世了。充分的证据也显示，常常遭爸爸妈妈或老师虐待的孩子总是比较内向、悲观、冷漠甚至厌世。近来，关于是不是应该废除体罚出现了一场激烈的争论，老师、父母和专家各执一词。）
而大家在写关于是否应该控烟的话题时，可以如此开头：A recent study conducted by Zhongshan University has found that the number of smokers13 has been increasing sharply over the past five years. Research findings also reveal that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has soared. As a result, the ban on smoking has been in the spotlight14. （中山大学近期做的一个研究表明，在过去五年里，抽烟者人数急剧上升。研究结果同时显示，抽烟致使的疾病发病率也急剧增长。因此，控烟成了个热门话题。）
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